English

This paper mounts about the sufferings & difficulties faced by the Britain's during the world war I and also the repercussion of war through the novel Mrs Dalloway written by the prominent
modernist author Virginia Woolf.

This paper sheds a light on the notion of futurism on gender perception in the work of science Fiction Novel The Left Hand of Darkness. The current society focuses on variables of genders. To describe the role of gender-specific personalities is extrinsic in Modern refined culture. To establish an acknowledgement of Gender inequality is essential and complex trouble to improve
the possibilities of the gender less society. The Futurism is not on the improvement of Technologies it is in the betterment of cultural injustice. This paper aims to see gender difference as constructed and hence open to change.

The diasporic experience is problematic enough, being a women immigrant complicates
the experience. The paper gives the appropriate reading of Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake and The
Lowland in the glow of experiences of the female migrants. This paper is in attempt to show the
experience of the gender specific. According to K. Satchidanandan, diasporic experience depends
on the conditions of migrations (voluntary and involuntary), the migrant generation, Language,
main/marginal customs. This includes the difference in the first, second and third generation
migrants.

Diaspora is a convergence of diversified culture. There is cultural belonging to the scattered population.Since time immemorial, people have dislocated themselves in search of better opportunities. They imbibe values from their motherland and assimilate in the periphery of their dwelling. Their mind gets bifurcated which they have to inter fuse. In the beginning, lot of hindrances occur in their path but ultimately they leave an impact on the surrounding.

Nilanjana Sudeshna Lahiri a famous Indian American author of Bengali origin and her nickname Jhumpa was born in 11 July 1967. She won Pulitzer prize for her work. Jhumpa is a member of the president committee on the arts and humanities appointed by U.S. president. Jhumpa’s first novel is The Namesake (2003) and her second short story collection in Hell-Heaven (2015) which tells about her intellect.

Drama is hailed in India as the fifth veda and has had a rich and glorious tradition.

Abstract:
Every country has its own secret traditions, stories and history using which the mythology of its own is created. In such cases myths and mythology also have their own part in creating the civilization of the society. The Hindu mythology refers to lord Shiva as a divine power whereas the new perspective of the authority describes lord Shiva as a human who was raised to be a supreme being due to his Karma. The fiction of Tirupati represents a lord Shiva as a human with restricted power and limited authority as a human being. He is not described with any supernatural elements. The contemporary issues such as environmental harm, terrorism, roles of gender makes the readers connect the mythological to the modernism. Modernism can also
© 2025 IJRAR May 2025, Volume 12, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
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be seen in the characterization of the author where he gives human features to the gods and brings them to the status of gods through their actions. The contemporary ideas of non-religious elements and multiculturalism of globalization can also be found in the trilogy.
Key words: Myths, mythology, contemporaneous, modernism.

Abstract:
Comparative literature, as an academic discipline, examines literary texts across languages, cultures, and disciplines. It transcends national and linguistic boundaries, fostering a global perspective on literature and culture. This paper explores the evolution of comparative literature, emphasizing its relevance in the digital age and its integration with cultural studies and modern technologies. By delving into themes, analogies, and translations, comparative literature highlights interconnectedness, contributing to mutual understanding and innovation. This study underscores how technology enhances teaching and communication, expanding the reach and impact of comparative literary studies.
Keywords: Comparative Literature - Interdisciplinary Studies - Cross-Cultural Analysis - Influence Studies - Translation Studies - Modern Technology - Globalization of Literature - Interconnection of Literature - Literature Without Borders

This article explores Dickinson’s poems that deal with death through postmodern lens. It delves in
exploring how this theory sheds light on Dickinson’s complex relationship with her perception of death, dead,
dying and challenge and redefine the conventional notions of death. It further explores and argues that
Dickinson’s poems on death transcends traditional boundaries and offers a nuanced perspective on the theme
that resonates with postmodern themes of ambiguity, fragmentation and plurality of expression. Through a
close reading of selected poems, this study shows how Dickinson’s perception and interpretation of death
reflect broader postmodern concerns with meaning, representation and the limits of human understanding.
This study not only enhances our understanding and appreciation of poetic genius but also contributes to the
debate about the confluence of literature, philosophy and contemporary theory.

The situation appears that the play is based on the theme of Gender Discrimination. Women
are the real architects of society, she has the power to create, nourish and transform. The society around
her always had been a challenging. The women in India have never been able to live in a circumstance,
where they are treated equally. Tendulkar’s “Silence! The Court is in Session is a critique of gender
discrimination in patriarchy and the women’s fight against the injustice done to her. He represents the
problems faced by independent women in India.

In olden days, stones were used to mark the graves. Stones were kept as a mark of respect to the dead.
People were buried in smaller plots. And those plots were near their homes. Many of them were not buried in
Cemeteries meant for the dead. An individual chamber was used to bury all the dead in the family. Time passed
and churchyard burials became popular. The dead in the particular Parish were buried in the same churchyard. The
place was owned by the church. In course of time, there came, individual or family graves. Stones were kept near
the head of the dead as an honour. These Stones contained simple inscriptions such as the name of the dead. As
time passed, there came a change in the process of commemoration of the dead. Short Sayings and Drawings
adorned the grave stones. Elaborate funeral customs included the art of filling the headstones with literary flavour.
Symbols started appearing on such stones as a religious belief. Images such as a pair of wings were carved
depending on the social status of the dead. In addition to the name of the dead, his occupation and his position in
the society started appearing on the headstone. And thus, inscriptions on the stone grew with the passage of time.
In recent times, these stones are becoming more personal with the help of the increased technology. Some are
etching into the stone the portraits of the dead. Some are carving the pictures of the mementoes of the deceased.

English is respectfully addressed as the Global Language. It is also the Link Language of the world. It is even the
Richest Language among all world languages. But, it is just 1500 years old. In spite of its late coming, it has spread to
every nook and corner. English is not a native language of India. Even then, it is one of the Official Languages of the
country. The British had the honour of bringing their Language. In 1830’s English had been declared as the Medium of
Instruction in all the Centres of Learning within the country. With the establishment of Universities in 1857, English
had gained its national importance and popularity. The journey of English had been like a cake walk.

The paper depicts the
mentality of the Indian
people towards women who
are always anticipated to be
a stick to them to make use
for all the purpose. They are even expected to bean
acquiescent, docile, sheepish and even cringing
housewife. Women are still reckoned to be the
property of their men, if married, and of fathers, if
unmarried. There is no talking about the way in
which women are manipulated and controlled by
men and by male-oriented society. One of our
favorite views is that woman is an embodiment of
sexual pleasure. It also expresses the feelings,
thoughts, experiences and the struggles and
sufferings of the Indian women. It also limns the
incessant battle of women and invulnerable for
scratching their identity in this vicious, blimpish,
fusty and male-dominating society. It means to
create a modern-day environment and to face
demanding situations as a woman.

The spark of love for literature embedded in most of us should be brought out through
our ingenuity and intellect to make it burn fierce and bright to illumine the world with effulgent
brilliance of ethics and ethical values, morals and morality, charity and compassion and grace
and goodwill. Such kind of literature is treasured even in the writings of men of letters born and
brought up in India from the days Avvaiyaar to these days of Chattan Bhaget and Anita Desai.
We have in India literary parallels to Keats, shelly, Wordsworth, Byron, Coleridge,
Bacon and even Shakespeare. The doors of the English swing wide and long heralding the
unlimited horizons of knowledge and wisdom and love for classical learning that will enlarge the
dimensions of life. The essence and quintessence of all literature is to cradle the heart and
gladden the spirit, to stolen the emotions and sweeten the hardships. But it is more so with Indian
writing in English. Indian literature for many is an escape from life and its thorns and brickbats.
But, for me, it is a spicy bouquet of excellences and exemplary.

Amitav Ghosh, one of the few Indian writers in Englsih in the post colonial era,constructs
nature in his ficitional works by using interweaving legends,experience ,myth and history. The
Hungry Tide is set in the unique place of Sundarbans,Ghosh‘s novel brings out the
interrelationship between the humans,the physical environment and animals worlds.He
addresses the complex of struggle between human and animals for survival.Nature is stronger
than human power,so humans are forced to accept nature‘s reward and danger. Sunderbans are
the archipelago of islands that lie on the border between India and Bengal where trensformatio
is the rule of life,where rivers stray from week to week,where islands are ?Made and
unmade?(224) It is the sixth novel by Ghosh published in 2005.It tells a very contemporary story
of adventure,unlikely love, identity and history.Amitav Ghosh clearly forgrounds the terrain
where the actions happens.

Death of a Salesman, is regarded as one of the three most remarkable tragedies in America.
The author, Arthur Miller, emphasized that the drama should not only express characters
psychological and subjective world, but also convey the real complex social situation. It has
successfully characterized the tragedy of a common salesman in America. It is significant to analyze,
why Willy committed suicide. This paper managed to analyses that causes of Willy Loman?s death,
specifically, mainly from three perspectives: a personal tragedy, a family tragedy and a social
tragedy. In fact, the society Willy lived was familiar with our present era, people are also facing with
similar problems Willy had at that time. Hence, through analyzing Willy?s death, we could discover
that his life revealed some social problems behind personal and family tragedy in current society,
arousing our reflection on ethical and moral standards in money-oriented society. And the most
important thing is to know ourselves.

After World War II destroyed much of civilization, efforts were made to rebuild it. This led to
a reevaluation of the place of theatre in the emerging society. The live theatre had to rediscover what
it could offer the community that the mass media could not in order to compete with the
technological advancements of motion pictures, radio, and television (all of which were offering
drama). This prompted a quest for a "popular" theatre that would include the entire neighbourhood,
much like the Greek theatre and the Elizabethan theatre had. In another, it culminated a new wave of
experiments that had begun prior to the war experiments that sought to challenge the audience more
radically than ever before by removing the barriers between spectators and performers. With their
extensive content and innovative forms, these dramatists have a significant impact on changing the
way drama is perceived. The issue that needs to be investigated is how each theatre style responds to
the post-World War II era's current scope. Hence, the present study has been focused to give an
overview the ‘Tripartite Theater techniques Post-war Drama.

Along with the Anti-Comintern Pact and the Pact of Steel, the Tripartite Pact was one of several
agreements that governed relations between Germany, Japan, Italy, and other Axis Powers nations.
The United States was the main target of the Tripartite Pact. The Italo-German and Japanese
operational theatres were on different sides of the globe, and the high contracting powers had
contrasting strategic interests, so its practical effects were limited. As a result, the Axis was always
only a loose coalition. The agreement's defensive provisions were never used, and signing it did not
inherently obligate its signatories to engage in a common war. The United States was determined not
to enter the war in 1940 as it watched the developments in Europe and Asia uncomfortably.
Isolationism was the US's foreign policy, which was supported by the president's numerous advisors
as well as ambassadors to European nations like Joe Kennedy. Above all, the Pact's goal is to contribute
to the earliest possible return of world peace. Therefore, any other State that wishes to join this bloc
(der diesem Block beitreten will), in order to aid in the restoration of peaceful conditions, will be
cordially welcomed and included in the political and economic restructuring. Hence, this current paper
has been viewed to highlight the trend of tripartite pact in post-war drama.

The Green Aesthetic: Form, Genre,and Representation in Environmental Literature

Abstract
This article illustrates how Laura Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate depicts a nuanced
and multifaceted link between food, emotions, and cultural identity by fusing magical realism with
culinary themes. The book functions as a kind of cookery demonstration and offers a symbolic
structure for the characters' emotional journeys. Also, it elaborates a synthesis of historical events,
cultural norms, and personal relationships, producing a poignant analysis of identity in a changing
world. Like Water for Chocolate is a distinctive storytelling method that combines non-linear
structure, culinary symbolism, and magical realism.
Key Words: Culinary symbolism, Magical realism, Cultural identity, Emotional values,
Culinary magic.

Bapsi Sidhwa is a Pakistani novelist of Gujarati Parsi Zoroastrian descent who writes in English and resides in the United States. She has been widely celebrated as the finest novelist produced by her country—the New York Times called her “Pakistan's finest English-language novelist." She represents a group of women creative writers who portray strong-minded women for whom traditional roles are inadequate. These women wish to affirm their independence and autonomy and are perfectly capable of assuming new roles and responsibilities. In Ice Candy Man, Sidhwa envisions a world free from dominance and hierarchy, a world based on the principles of justice and equality, and one that is truly human. The novel explores themes such as identity, loyalty, betrayal, innocence, and violence. This research article attempts to study women's emotions at different levels and the impact of partition on them.
Keywords: woman emotions, identity, loyalty, betrayal, innocence, and violence.

Rohinton Mistry is a popular Indian author who, living in Canada beginning around 1976. He is among the couple of peers who have composed from his place of movement about India, its political situation, territorial characters, subalterns, history, social pluralism, orientation among others. This objective of the paper is to bring out the social and policy centered issues in his second and generally renowned book. A Fine Equilibrium distributed in the year 1995, Rohinton Mistry's Indo-nostalgic books, and manages dim and bleak side of the life. A Fine Equilibrium set in 1975 against the background of Bombay (Presently Mumbai) clearly investigates the highly sensitive situation somewhere in the range of 1975 and 1977 as well as the repulsive and unfavorable impact it had on the everyday person.
Keywords: Emergency, Post-Independence, Subaltern, Common Man, Beautification.

This article mount about the sufferings
and difficulties faced by the Britain’s during the
World War I and also the repercussion of war
through the novel Mrs Dalloway written by the
prominent modernist author Virginia Woolf. It
explains the devastation which effect’s the
psychological state of the people in Britain.

Human rights are defined as moral entitlements that place obligations on other people to treat
one with dignity and respect. Organisations and engineers are to be familiar with the minimum
provisions under the human rights, so that the engineers and organizations for a firm base for
understanding and productivity. The word ethics is derived from an ancient Greek word ethos
which means habit, custom or character. That is morality in the real sense. The habits and
character of a person talk about the moral values ​​he/she holds. In other words, a person’s moral
values ​​define his character. We are all told what is good and what is bad based on moral norms
set by society.

This paper aims to analyze the cultural effects of individual versus society in Aravid Adiga’s select novels. The Last Man in Tower and The White Tiger. These novels examines Indian’s sacrifices for the next generation and sometimes they behave crude and cruel manner towards the people they love . In these novels through the major characters the culture differs according to their class. So this paper going to argues how the culture differs between individual and society through Aravid Adiga’s novels.

Abstract
In this paper, the bicentennial of Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is examined. Because it uses current science to create life, the book is regarded as the first true work of science fiction. Victor Frankenstein creates an animated being by assembling cadaver parts. The creature is so ugly that he leaves it. It is hated and mistreated by all men. The monster kills Victor's loved one in retaliation for denying him a female mate. Victor seeks it and perishes in the process. Additionally, the repentant monster disappears to perish. The irresponsibility of science and scientists is symbolized by the novel and its monster. The 200-year-old book continues to shape the SF imagination in a variety of media, including movies. Every SF concept.

Trauma in Fantasy World

This chapter aims to challenge the environment of programs for entrepreneurship and innovation education and training. Design, method, and strategy — The body of research in the fields of entrepreneurship, innovation, and education is thoroughly examined for this study. Programs ineducation and training are designed to address the independent yet interconnected scientific validity of different fields in education and training. Building a bridge between entrepreneurship and innovation is the goal of the literature, ideas, and discussion. Results - show the need to reexamine the diversity and links between entrepreneurial education and training, particularly from a contextual, theoretical, measurement,distinctiveness,content,pedagogical,andtypologicalpointofview.Therangeofdifferent educational techniques and teaching methods used to Specifically from a contextual, theoretical, measurement, distinctiveness, content, pedagogical, and typology point of view, reevaluate the variety and interaction between innovation and entrepreneurship education and training. the variety of different instructional methods and learning procedures to use in different circumstances.

ABSTRACT
The current study makes an effort to examine India's situation regarding women's empowerment.
Despite numerous government initiatives, the report shows that women in India still have a lesser status than
men and are generally less powerful. It has been discovered that women continue to accept gender standards
that are not equal in society. In the self-discovery phase, the writer's quest for identity served as the primary
inspiration for their writings as they began to feel liberated from self-dependency.
Keywords: Empowerment, Status, Access, Dominant, Feminist.

Systematic Study on Submerging Modernism and Contemporaneous in Amish Tripathi's Shiva Trilogy

This paper mount about the sufferings and difficulties faced by the Britain’s during the World
War I and also the repercussion of war through the novel Mrs Dalloway written by the prominent
modernist author Virginia Woolf. She alluringly represented the concept Shell Shock or Post
Traumatic Stress Disorder which was caused due to the Great War through the character
Septimus Warren Smith. This paper deals with the how the character Septimus struggles with the
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and whether the character defeat from this disease to lead a
peaceful life or he ends his life with this disease. This paper also contains a few ideas to
overcome from the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.

AI and English Language: Navigating the Opportunities

Recent Trends in Research and Information Technology

Recent Trends in Research and Information Technology

Trauma in Fantasy World

Nimi in ` The Inheritance of Loss portrays the subaltern position of women in Indian society. In this
novel, Kiran Desai depicts not only Nimi but also gives a voice to various female characters. Some of
them are traditional, some are timid and submissive, some are vain and lost, and some are assertive,
confident and self-dependent. Desai has represented various faces of womanhood through various
female characters but the oppression and the degraded position of women in the society are best
depicted in the character of Bela.

The purpose with this book chapter is to identify what people associate with the word innovation and why they do that. This is interesting because the word innovation is relevant right now in the world we live in. It impacts both the world economy and the standard of living. It is a key to international competiveness and something companies have to deal with in the everyday life.To geta deeperunderstandinginnovationisdefined.Literatureissearched tofind out what is written about innovation and the association with it. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. A survey with a total of five items has been sent out through the internet to get a width of the respondents.

The purpose with this book chapter is to identify what people associate with the word innovation and why they do that. This is interesting because the word innovation is relevant right now in the world we live in. It impacts both the world economy and the standard of living. It is a key to international competiveness and something companies have to deal with in the everyday life.To geta deeperunderstanding innovationisdefined.Literature issearched tofind out what is written about innovation and the association with it. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach. A survey with a total of five items has been sent out through the internet to get a width of the respondents.

This chapter explores the intersection of literature and the digital singularity, focusing on
the evolving role of authorship, creativity, and narrative in a world increasingly shaped by
artificial intelligence. It examines the implications of AI-generated fiction, algorithmic
storytelling, and hyper textual narratives in the post-singularity landscape. By analyzing the role
of machines in literary production, the chapter contemplates the future of fiction as both a form
of human expression and a co-creative process involving human and machine collaboration.
Drawing on key speculative works, AI-generated texts, and contemporary critical theory, the
chapter provides a framework for understanding literature at the crossroads of the digital and the
post human.

This article illustrates how Laura Esquivel's Like Water for Chocolate depicts a nuanced and multifaceted link between food, emotions, and cultural identity by fusing magical realism with culinary themes. The book functions as a kind of cookery demonstration and offers a symbolic structure for the characters' emotional journeys. Also, it elaborates a synthesis of historical events, cultural norms, and personal relationships, producing a poignant analysis of identity in a changing world. Like Water for Chocolate is a distinctive storytelling method that combines non-linear structure, culinary symbolism, and magical realism. Key Words: Culinary symbolism, Magical realism, Cultural identity, Emotional values, Culinary magic.

The paper investigates Magic-realism as in Post-colonial discourse by C.S. Lewis and J.K.
Rowling in their well-known fantasy series,” Chronicles of Narnia and Harry Potter” , represent links
in the evolution of fantasy, surrealism, realism and can provide a clue to mechanisms and
perspectives of the genre as such.

This research paper is an attempt to deal with the emancipation of women protagonists in the novels of Kamala Markandaya’s 'Some Inner Fury' and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala ‘s 'The Nature of Passion'. Rukmani in Some Inner Fury is an uneducated, lower class peasant woman, Mira the narrator and the heroine of the novel is an sophisticated, Westernized and a urbane woman living in a city in South
India. Mira is proud of her Indian identity, which she would not give up at any cost. Markandaya presents Roshan as a liberated woman
who battles for the autonomy of all Indian women. In her character, we can find the true meaning of freedom. The Nature of Passion deals
with a story of a modern girl Nimmi, who wants to discard the age old traditions, customs and rituals and adapt to modern ways. Through
Nimmi, Jhabvala satirizes the stupid youngsters’ forged pretensions to modernism and independence. They should always bear in their
mind that their sentiments, emancipation, individuality, anti-traditional responses, mental processes are all habituated by a social
structure of parental affection.

The present research article portrays the Social Realism in Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve and Ruth Prawer Jhabvala’s A Backward Place. The research paper aims at studying their novels which deal with poverty, hunger and exploitation as their major themes. Markandaya in her novel Nectar in a Sieve reveal the very characteristics of rural India through the life of innumerable Indian villagers living in calamitous scarcity, starvation and exploitation. Jhabvala in her novel A Backward Place gives very detailed and reminiscent descriptions of poverty in India. She gives flamboyant descriptions of India as a place of cultural place of the backwoods. Jhabvala's depiction of poverty makes no attempt to neutralize the effects of this social malevolence. So long as poverty exists various social evils and malpractices will continue to bloom. The anticipation for betterment lies only in the existing morality in a few human beings.
Key Words: Dowry System, Illiteracy, Industrialization, Poverty and Superstition.

Theme of displacement